Geog. 161. INTRODUCTION TO ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY.
QUESTIONS FROM THIRD HOUR EXAMS

Answer all questions. There is only one acceptable answer for each.

1. The authors of the text include: a)_Tajak; b)_Tiedemann; c)_Solzman; d)_Larson; e)_none of the above
2. Manufacturing activities tend to concentrate at points on the landscape in response to: a)_economies of decreasing scale; b)_economies of increasing scale; c)_agglomeration economies; d)_planned economies; e)_barter economies
3. The inverse relationship between prices asked and quantities purchased is known as the: a)_demand side; b)_demand schedule; c)_supply function; d)_supply side; e)_demand cone
4. Transition zones are characterized by all or the following except: a)_high vacancy rates; b)_intensifying land uses as time passes; c)_decreasing land-use intensities through time; d)_land-use mixtures of widely varying intensities; e)_numerous incidences of underutilization
5. The "gravity model" takes into account all of the following except: a)_origin populations; b)_destination populations or attractions; c)_locations of origins and destinations; d)_distances between origins and destinations; e)_none of the above
6. The idea that the main function of central places is to ameliorate problems of accumulating output surpluses and unmet needs of local residents was developed by: a)_Weber; b)_Christaller; c)_Von Thunen; d)_Malthus; e)_Marshall
7. Central goods and services: a)_are available for purchase at limited numbers of places in landscapes; b)_require that buyers travel to places where they are available in order to purchase them; c)_are delivered to consumers; d)_require buyers to pay "realized prices" rather than only "marked prices" ("market prices"); e)_only a, b and d, above
8. s Third world countries are least likely to shift their reliance on energy resources because; a)_Tajak is not in charge of their economies; b)_they lack alternative resources; c)_they lack suitable technology; d)_they lack the financial resources to pay for such changes; e)_only b, c and d, above
9. Urbanization economies allow manufacturers to realize savings from: a)_specialization; b)_sharing support services; c)_sharing the costs of public utilities; d)_all of the above; e)_only b and c, above
10. Consumers may attempt to optimize travel commitments to buying activities by: a)_ganging purchases into multiple-purpose shopping trips; b)_traveling the shortest possible distances on single-purpose shopping trips; c)_shopping in supermarkets and department stores whenever it is practical to do so; d)_all of the above; e)_none of the above
11. Maximum distances consumers are willing to travel to purchase central goods or services are the goods' or services': a)_ranges; b)_demand thresholds; c)_realized prices; d)_gravities; e)_demand cones
12. Minerals found in pure ("native") states in nature are valuable because they require little to no cost for smelting and other purification processes. Among those likely to be found in such states are: a)_copper; b)_silver; c)_gold; d)_lead; e)_only b and c, above
13. Geometrical shapes of "trade areas" in which "geographical monopolies" are theorized to exist on hypothetical landscapes deduced from Christaller's central places theory are: a)_triangles; b)_squares; c)_hexagons; d)_circles; e)_none of the above
14. If at every place where particular central goods or services are available their prices are the same, then: a)_as consumers' distances from venders increase, quantities they likely will buy also increase; b)_as consumers' distances from venders increase, quantities they likely will buy decrease; c)_consumers' likelihoods of purchasing central goods and services are not related to their distances from nearest venders; d)_all of the above; e)_none of the above
15. Spatial interaction is: a)_a theory explaining relative locations of manufacturing establishments; b)_a broad term encompassing any movement over space that results from human activities; c)_the chemical combination of water and mineral molecules causing expansion; d)_a form of soil erosion; e)_a form of yoga practiced in Oregon
16. The transition zone recognized by Murphy took into account expansion of the: a)_CBD into the commuters' zone; b)_zone of workingmen's housing into the zone of better residences; c)_zone of workingmen's housing into the CBD; d)_CBD into the zone of workingmen's housing; e)_the zone of better residences into the commuters' zone
17. Recognition of the fact that land uses of different sorts expand at different rates during urban growth can be attributed to: a)_Burgess and Park; b)_Harris and Ullman; c)_Hayes; d)_Hoyt; e)_Sinclair
18. Elements of the transportation system that gave rise to the land-use sectors recognized by Hoyt were: a)_major thoroughfares; b)_railroads; c)_airports; d)_all of the above; e)_only a and b, above
19. Withholding land from timely development in order to increase its sale or developmental value at a future date is known as: a)_speciation; b)_withholding; c)_speculation; d)_withdrawal; e)_playing monopoly
20. Attempts to attract consumers by allowing them to optimize the travel aspects of their buying activities are reflected in the appearance of: a)_supermarkets; b)_department stores; c)_shopping malls; d)_all of the above; e)_none of the above
21. When purchase prices are fixed the effect of transportation costs gives rise to: a)_demand cones; b)_demand functions; c)_supply functions; d)_supply sides; e)_demand sides
22. According to central place theory, the closest a pair of competing venders might be to one another on a theoretically ideal landscape is: a)_the maximum distance consumers are willing to travel to purchase the goods or services each offers; b)_the minimum distance consumers are willing to travel to purchase the goods or services each offers; c)_the distance from a vender to a circular boundary enclosing sufficient demand to support one competitor; d)_twice the distance from a vender to a circular boundary enclosing sufficient demand to support one competitor; e)_twice the maximum distance consumers are willing to travel to purchase the goods or services each offers
23. One reason for agricultural decline near to expanding cities is that: a)_needed service activities lose customers and go out of business; b)_farms are bought by developers or speculators; c)_loss of easy access to important services raises production costs of farming to prohibitively high levels; d)_farmers may be subjected to high taxes reflecting development potential; e)_all of the above
24. Localization economies are characterized by all of the following except: a)_firms in the same industry are widely dispersed over the landscape; b)_firms in the same industry are concentrated in single locales; c)_firms in the same industry sharing nearby suppliers of materials; d)_firms in the same industry sharing nearby buyers of products; e)_firms in the same industry sharing specialized labor forces
25. The advent of bypasses or circumferential freeways around large cities has tended to: a)_accelerate multi-nucleation; b)_retard multinucleation; c)_enhance the position of the CBD in terms of access to the entire urban area; d)_eliminate the orientation of workingmens' housing toward employment centers; e)_none of the above
26. That level of demand which justifies the offering of a central good or service at some point on the landscape is known as its: a)_range; b)_threshold; c)_demand cone; d)_indifference; e)_demand function
27. Activities having to do with distribution of goods to final consumers are known as: a)_primary activities; b)_secondary ...; c)_tertiary ...; d)_quaternary ...; e)_supply functions
28. Central place theory requires that we assume: a)_a uniform population density; b)_uniform incomes among consumers; c)_equally easy transportation in all directions; d)_all of the above; e)_none of the above
29. Hoyt's contribution to the understanding of intra-city arrangements of land uses and activities dealt with: a)_hexagons; b)_sectors; c)_concentric circles; d)_arterial thoroughfares; e)_only b and d, above
30. Discovery of a transition zone that appears at edges of growing U.S. cities can be attributed to: a)_Murphy; b)_Burgess and Park; c)_Hoyt; d)_Harris and Ullman; e)_Sinclair
31. That part of the city which typically is most easily accessed from all other parts of the city is the: a)_ central place; b)_central business district; c)_central park; d)_transition zone; e)_suburbia
32. The first freeways built in the Chicago area, the Congress (now the Eisenhower) and the Edens, avoided areas served by commuter railroads because: a)_too many railroad crossings might have been needed; b)_too many over- or underpasses might have been needed; c)_there were fears that not enough people would use the freeways to justify their construction if they were too close to commuter railroads and rapid transit lines; d)_land far away from established transportation routes was comparatively cheap; e)_land far away from established transportation routes was owned by politicians and well-connected speculators
33. In areas close to expanding cities, as in the U.S., agricultural land uses can be expected to: a)_decrease in intensity as time passes; b)_increase in intensity with the passage of time; c)_show no change in intensity; d)_disappear; e)_only a and d, above
34. In areas close to cities whose edges are stable, as in many European nations, agricultural land uses can be expected to: a)_be more intense than those found at remote locales; b)_be less intense than those occurring at remote locales; c)_increase in intensity at time passes; d)_only a and c, above; e)_only b and c, above
35. Internal structures of cities have been the objects of study by: a)_Hoyt; b)_Burgess; c)_Christaller; d)_Harris; e)_all except c, above
36. Characteristics of transition zones include: a)_many vacancies of land and buildings; b)_much underutilized land; c)_many tracts of land committed to uses that yield less than the maximum possible profits to their owners; d)_slum-lord (delayed) maintenance practices; e)_all of the above
37. Transition zones have been noted and studied by: a)_Murphy; b)_Harris; c)_Hayes; d)_Ullman; e)_only b and d, above
38. A study of residential land values near one of the several commuter railroads serving the Chicago metropolitan region showed that per-front-foot land values: a)_generally decline with increasing distance from downtown Chicago; b)_generally decline with increasing distance from commuter railroad stations; c)_are quite low immediately adjacent to commuter railroad routes; d)_all of the above; e)_only b and c, above
39. The fact that different sorts of urban activities require access to different modes of transportation is one basis for Hoyt's recognition of: a)_concentric circles of various activities; b)_sectors ...; c)_polynucleations ...; d)_hexagons ...; e)_triangles of various activities
40. A hierarchical association of cities categorized according economic activities going on within them that somewhat resembles a food chain (but one that has flows moving in two directions) was proposed by: a)_Christaller; b)_Losch; c)_Harris and Ullman; d)_Philbrick; e)_Alexander and Hartshorn
41. Principles that govern hierarchical linkages among central places include all of the following except the: a)_marketing principle; b)_diminishing returns principle; c)_traffic principle; d)_administrative principle; e)_only a, b, and c, above
42. "Demand cones" are like "demand curves" ("...functions" or "...schedules") except that: a)_the vertical axis of demand cones is "quantity," whereas "price" is usually the vertical axis for curves; b)_the other axis (not the one depicting "quantity") for cones is closely related to distance, whereas distance usually is not taken into account in curves; c)_demand cones can be thought of as imaginary figures on landscapes, whereas demand curves generally have nothing to do with landscapes; d)_all of the above; e)_none of the above
43. The ganging of sequential manufacturing activities at single sites, usually under the control of a single firm and taking advantage of coordinated scale economies is known as: a)_shared economies; b)_vertical integration; c)_upright economies; d)_urbanization economies; d)_planned economies
44. Centers of cities, those land-use zones toward which Burgess and Park proposed all residential areas were oriented, are: a)_commuters' zones; b)_CBDs; c)_zones of better residences; d)_transition zones; e)_zones or workingmens' housing
45. The lack of discretionary income forces "workingmen" to select residential sites that are: a)_closer to major employment centers than those chosen by other income groups; b)_farther from major employment centers than those chosen by other income groups; c)_in portions of cities characterized by low population densities; d)_only a and c, above; e)_only b and c, above
46. In general, per-front-foot residential land values in urban areas: a)_are unrelated to distances from CBDs; b)_vary inversely with distances from CBDs; c)_vary directly with distances from CBDs; d)_are higher near commuter railroad stations; e)_only c and d, above
47. Prior to the building of metropolitan freeway systems, comparatively low residential land values were found: a)_relatively far from commuter railroads; b)_immediately adjacent to commuter railroads; c)_all along major thoroughfares that are perpendicular to commuter railroads; d)_near the CBD; e)_only a and b, above
48. Transition zones are characterized by all of the following except: a)_land-use stability; b)_high vacancy rates; c)_underutilization of land; d)_speculation; e)_intensification of land use through time
49. Land-use activities commonly associated with transition zones adjacent to CBDs commonly include: a)_parking lots; b)_easily replaced structures and activities; c)_lower levels of multiple-floor buildings devoted to intensive uses, while upper levels may be vacant; d)_subdividing of exiting units to accommodate higher occupant densities; e)_all of the above
50. The inverse relationship between quantities purchased and distances consumers must travel to acquire central goods and services is best portrayed by the: a)_demand side; b)_demand function; c)_demand cone; d)_supply cone; e)_supply side
51. Geography 461 is: a)_the sequel to Geography 361; b)_being offered during _____ term; c)_offered by Professor Tiedemann; d)_the last entry in a three-course sequence of economic geography courses; e)_all of the above
52. Geography 361 is: a)_the sequel to this course (161); b)_usually offered _____ term; c)_one the prerequisite for Geography 461; d)_usually offered by Professor Tiedemann; e)_all of the above
53. Philbrick's functional hierarchy of cities differentiates between the sorts of linkages that exist between lower and higher order places in that: a)_lower order places are tied together by the movement of goods; b)_higher order places are linked by communications; c)_ties between primary producers--farmers, say--and grain elevator operators involves the transport of grain from many farms to relatively fewer gathering points; d)_all the above; e)_none of the above
54. Tertiary activities include: a)_agriculture; b)_manufacturing; c)_distribution; d)_transportation; e)_education
55. The notion that it is the availability of "discretionary income" (or lack thereof) that gives rise to residential zonation in American cities can be attributed to: a)_Park; b)_Alonso; c)_Von Thunen; d)_Hoyt; e)_Harris
56. Collection functions in rural landscapes are served by: a)_grain-elevator operators; b)_local dairies; c)_wholesalers; d)_all the above; e)_only a and b, above
57. "Urbanization economies" benefit producers located in cities by: a)_allowing them to externalize many nonproductive activities; b)_giving them ready access to many business services not found in rural locales; c)_offering a stock of existing structures for consideration when relocation or expansion decisions are to be made; d)_providing already functional emergency services such as police and fire protection; e)_all the above
58. Some justifications for the rise of cities are the realization of "agglomeration economies" by manufacturing, which include all the following except: a)_vertical integration; b)_nesting; c)_urbanization economies; d)_localization economies; e)_none of the above
59. A model permitting the identification of "breaking points" between market areas surrounding cities that accounts for their populations and distances separating them is the: a)_"law" of retail gravitation; b)_"central place theory"; c)_"rule" of polynucleation; d)_circular symmetric regularity; e)_critical isodapane
60. Many of the basic landscape assumptions of central place theory can be traced back to ideas of: a)_Smith; b)_Ricardo; c)_Von Thunen; d)_Malthus; e)_Rostow
61. Disturbances to the theorized spatial pattern of central places on rural landscapes with uniform soil fertility may arise from: a)_uneven availabilities of surface water; b)_uneven availabilities of exploitable mineral resources; c)_predetermined political organization; d)_all the above; e)_only b and c, above
62. The economic advantage of occupying sites close to centers of cities has been reduced by the development of: a)_radial thoroughfares; b)_commuter railroads; c)_circumferential freeways; d)_telephones; e)_television
63. In terms shopping behavior, de Souza describes Canadians and U.S. Mennonites as being very similar in some ways, but different in others, including: a)_both Canadians and Mennonites travel relatively far--beyond the nearest opportunity--to use banking services; b)_Canadians and Mennonites likewise travel relatively far to purchase clothing; c)_Canadians and Mennonites use similar means of transportation; d)_comparisons a, b and c are all true; e)_comparisons a, b and c are all false
64. In regions where periodic markets prevail and incomes rise, some venders may alter their movement patterns by: a)_reducing the number of places in their circuits; b)_increasing the number of places in their circuits; c)_taking up permanent operations at one location; d)_only a and c, above; e)_only b and c above
65. Regions in which a wide range of central functions is served by numerous smaller cities and towns rather than by a few larger places is said to contain a: a)_higher-order central place; b)_low-order central place; c)_wholesaling-retailing distribution center; d)_polynucleated city; e)_dispersed city
66. The major concern in the organizing spatial arrangements within "socialist" cities is: a)_minimizing travel requirements by citizens; b)_focusing transportation developments on government centers; c)_keeping "workingmen" away from centers of cities; d)_confining employment centers to limited portions of cities; e)_concentrating universities and health-care activities at outskirts of cities
67. The assumption that the largest number of central goods and services will be offered in a region from the least number of central places is indicative of the: a)_market principle; b)_traffic principle; c)_equimarginal principle; d)_law of diminishing returns; e)_administrative principle
68. Quaternary activities include: a)_mining; b)_ore smelting; c)_retail sales; d)_banking; e)_fire protection
69. Transition-zone effects where cities are spreading into surrounding rural areas were noted by: a)_Sinclair; b)_Murphy; c)_Hoyt; d)_Harris; e)_Hayes
70. Terms included in computations for the "law of retail gravitation" include: a)_populations of pairs of cities; b)_distances separating them; c)_distances from one to the "break point" where they share the market equally; ' d)_all the above; e)_only a and b, above
71. Urbanization in the northern half of the southern peninsula of Michigan reflects the fact that: a)_lumbering is an important element of that region's economy; b)_foresters commute from dispersed residences to centralized workplaces; c)_foresters commute from centralized residences to dispersed workplaces; d)_only a and b, above; e)_only a and c, above
72. Residential suburbanization arises from all the following except: a)_improved transportation systems; b)_individuals' desires for single-family housing; c)_lower land costs in outlying areas of cities; d)_increased availability of retail goods and services in outlying areas; e)_declining employment opportunities in outlying areas
73. The maximum rental profit equation proposed by Bunge for Detroit included terms for all the following except: a)_numbers of dwellings per square mile; b)_yield--volumes of product per acre; c)_distances from city centers; d)_transportation costs--dollars per mile per day; e)_replacement and maintenance costs per dwelling unit--dollars per month
74. In developed regions with markedly declining aggregate demand, periodic marketing strategies take the form of: a)_"as needed" use of existing facilities; b)_"part-time" use of existing facilities; c)_abandonment of existing facilities; d)_only a and b, above; e)_none of the above
75. Mere geometry favors industrial suburbanization because outlying sites tend to: a)_be cheaper than those near central business districts; b)_be larger...; c)_impose higher transportation costs on manufacturers...; d)_only a and b, above; e)_none of the above
76. Those firms that traditionally have led suburbanization trends by manufacturing are characterized as: a)_having specialized labor forces; b)_requiring easy access to large-volume transportation services; c)_seeking close linkages to suppliers of materials and buyers of products; d)_needing easy access for large and diverse labor forces; e)_none of the above
77. One strategy that allows venders to operate profitably in regions with very low effective demands is the establishment of: a)_central place hierarchies; b)_concentric land-use zones; c)_transition zones; d)_periodic markets; e)_sectors along thoroughfares
78. Internal organizations of cities in market economies are largely determined by: a)_competitive bidding; b)_scale economies; c)_assembly costs; d)_concentric zone theory; e)_marginal analysis
79. Consider the following business objective: "I want to sell (or buy) as many 'Big Macs' as possible." This sounds like something that might be said by: a)_a MacDonalds franchisee; b)_the President of MacDonalds; c)_my son (a heavy consumer of MacDonalds' products); d)_all of the above; e)_none of the above
80. The person making the above statement who is interested in having MacDonalds restaurants as close to each other as is physically possible so as to minimize the inconvenience of travel is: a)_the franchisee; b)_the President of MacDonalds; c)_my son; d)_all of the above; e)_only a and c, above
81. The person making the above statement who is interested in having MacDonalds restaurants only as close to each other as is economically justifiable so as to maximize total demand for "Big Macs" is: a)_the franchisee; b)_the President of MacDonalds; c)_my son; d)_all of the above; e)_none of the above
82. Activities within cities or regions that produce goods for sale elsewhere are known as: a)_nonbasic activities; b)_service activities; c)_basic activities; d)_primary activities; e)_tertiary activities
83. The final phase of metropolitan restructuring noted by the authors of the textbook is: a)_centripetal motion; b)_spillover and specialization; c)_centrifugal force; d)_infilling and multinucleation; e)_dispersal and diversification
84. Fossil fuels include all the following except: a)_coal; b)_petroleum; c)_natural gas; d)_uranium (nuclear fuel); e)_none of the above
85. Among the final uses and non-uses of energy, that which accounts for the largest share of consumption in the United States is: a)_households; b)_waste; c)_transportation; d)_production; e)_electrical generation
86. That final use of energy which operates least efficiently--in terms of work accomplished (space heating and cooling are forms of work)--is: a)_households; b)_transportation; c)_production; d)_electrical generation; e)_none of the above
87. Seasonal and short-term fluctuations in demands for particular refined fuels from petroleum dictate that as a manufacturing activity, refining is: a)_market oriented; b)_materials oriented; c)_labor oriented; d)_capital oriented; e)_magnetically oriented
88. Attempts to reduce air-pollutant emissions from coal-burning furnaces has had all of the following geographical impacts except: a)_the region in which coals from mid-continent deposits are consumed has been reduced in size; b)_the region in which coals from western deposits are consumed has expanded areally; c)_the region in which coal from eastern deposits largely has remained unchanged in size; d)_electrical generating operations of some midwestern cities have shifted away from compact, river-front sites to more expansive on-land locations; e)_none of the above
89. Household energy consumption illustrates all of the following relationships between housing-unit occupants and quantities used except: a)_high incomes generally are associated with greater high energy consumption; b)_older, smaller families generally are linked with comparatively low energy consumption; c)_higher residential densities generally are linked with greater energy consumption; d)_occupants of older housing units generally consume greater quantities of energy than those living in newer facilities; e)_efforts to conserve energy consumption without reducing life styles are linked to higher education and income levels
90. Electrical generating plants in northern, western and central Wisconsin switched from using coals from mid-continent deposits to those coming from western deposits during the 1970s because: a)_transportation costs for western coals went down; b)_transportation costs for midcontinent coals went up; c)_users of western coals were required to adopt costly pollution-abatement technologies; d)_users of midcontinent coals were required to adopt costly pollution-abatement technologies; e)_production costs for western coals are higher than those of coals produced in the midcontinent region
91. Decisions by state government to encourage burning of high-sulphur coals and use pollution-abatement technologies in Illinois likely came about because: a)_Illinois lies in the midcontinent coal-producing region; b)_Illinois lies in the western coal-producing region; c)_Illinois lies midway between the two coal-producing regions; d)_Illinois lies in the Appalachian coal-producing region; e)_the governor of Illinois is not on speaking terms with the governor of Wyoming--and worse
92. In large metropolitan regions costs of industrial and commercial land typically are: a)_very high in CBDs; b)_decline systematically as distance from the CBD increases; c)_are very low near interchanges of circumferential freeways; d)_only a and b, above; e)_only a and c, above
93. In third world cities peripheral residential sites are typically occupied by: a)_the social elite; b)_the middle classes; c)_poor squatters; d)_only a and b, above; e)_none of the above
94. From the vantage of producers, spending money on transportation services is: a)_diverting money from production; b)_wasting money; c)_like pouring money down rat hole; d)_all the above; e)_none of the above
95. Among the primary components of transportation costs are: a)_line-haul costs, b)_terminal costs; c)_production costs; d)_utility costs; e)_only a and b, above
96. In the tertiary sector of the economy, locations of operations tend to be "relativistic," as suggested by: a)_retailers try to be close to consumers; b)_wholesalers try to be close to retailers; c)_wholesalers try to be close to consumers; d)_manufacturers try to be close to farmers; e)_only a and b, above
97. Among the three major concerns one might address when studying primary, secondary and tertiary activities, that attracting the least attention because of intense competition in the tertiary sector is: a)_where the distribution activity should take place; b)_what specific goods might be sold; c)_how intensively the selling activity should be undertaken; d)_only a and b, above; e)_none of the above
98. Retailers are very sensitive to transportation costs borne by: a)_wholesalers; b)_manufacturers; c)_farmers; d)_competing retailers; e)_consumers
99. In usual illustrations of the relationship between prices of goods and quantities consumers are likely to purchase, the association can be described as: a)_inverse; b)_direct; c)_positive; d)_horizontal; e)_vertical
100. In a discussion of the economic geography of demand, the association between distances consumers must travel to purchase goods from venders as fixed locations and quantities they are likely to purchase can be described as: a)_inverse; b)_direct; c)_positive; d)_horizontal; e)_vertical
101. Fast food franchises make good examples for developing notions about consumer travel behavior because: a)_products for any one chain are uniform across all individual franchises; b)_prices for any one chain are uniform across all individual franchises; c)_when presented with common goods available for the same price from many locations, consumers are likely to not be very selective with regard to which vender they patronize; d)_only a and b, above; e)_none of the above
102. On a hypothetical landscape on which consumers can travel in all directions from all points with equal ease, the maximum distance they are willing to travel to purchase a good or a service is its: a)_threshold of demand; b)_spatial margin of production; c)_point of diminishing returns; d)_extensive margin of demand; e)_range
103. With regard to the placement of franchises on landscapes,: a)_desires of franchisers and franchisees are the same; b)_franchisers want franchisees closer together than franchisees would prefer; c)_franchisees want to be closer together than franchisers would prefer; d)_franchisees have no preference in the matter; e)_franchisers have no preference in the matter
104. When the area enclosing a vender's threshold of demand has a greater radius than the range of the goods being sold, the business is likely to be: a)_profitable even if it depends on sales only to its immediate surroundings; b)_unprofitable if it depends on sales only to its immediate surroundings; c)_profitable only if it can depend on sales to a large volume of passing traffic in addition to those to its immediate surroundings; d)_unprofitable under any circumstances; e)_only b and c, above
105. When retail venders with similar demand thresholds set up operations near to each other so that each might benefit from sales made to consumer traffic attracted to the other, the effect is called: a)_nesting; b)_thresholding; c)_vertical integration; d)_localization; e)_linkage
106. When retail venders with different demand thresholds set up operations near to each other so that each might benefit from sales made to consumer traffic attracted to the other, the effect is called: a)_nesting; b)_thresholding; c)_vertical integration; d)_localization; e)_linkage
107. Hexagonal market areas developed around venders on hypothetical landscapes employed in class because: a)_consumer populations are uniformly distributed; b)_consumers can travel with equal ease in all directions from any point; c)_consumers attempt to minimize commitments to purchases by making only the shortest possible trips; d)_venders tend to adopt a regular arrangement on landscapes; e)_all the above
108. When consumers must travel to venders' sites to purchase goods or services, what is being sold/purchased is called a: a)_resource; b)_central good or service; c)_demand good or service; d)_demand function; e)_none of the above
109. The position occupied by any village, town or city in a central place hierarch is determined by: a)_its distance from nearby central places; b)_its population size; c)_the demand threshold of the highest order central good offered for sale within it; d)_only a and b, above; e)_only a and c, above
110. The regular geometry of central place theory as it was proposed by Christaller includes: a)_hexagons; b)_pentagons; c)_octagons; d)_circles; e)_squares
111. The regular geometry of central place patterns as they have developed in the U.S., where the public land survey took place prior to European settlement, is based mainly on: a)_hexagons; b)_pentagons; c)_octagons; d)_circles; e)_squares
112. The arrangement of urban activities proposed by Park and Burgess, a couple of sociologists, consisted of concentric circles of residential neighborhoods centered on the: a)_major cultural center of the city; b)_major governmental center of the city; c)_major employment center of the city; d)_major sports complex in the city; e)_none of the above
113. According to the thinking of the economist Alonzo, incomes so low that residents don't even have the ability to re-allocate expenditures among housing, the purchase of necessary goods and transportation is a characteristic of the: a)_zone of workingmen's housing; b)_the CBD; c)_the commuters' zone; d)_only a and c, above; e)_none of the above
114. The fact that access to the CBD was easier at commuter railroad stations than for other portions of outlying neighborhoods of large cities and their suburbs and that influenced residential land values was noted by: a)_Alonzo; b)_Park; c)_Hoyt; d)_Harris and Ullman; e)_Hayes
115. The fact that different sorts of land uses expand into urbanizing landscapes at different rates and that some can engulf others--thereby preventing orderly overall growth of cities was noted by: a)_Alonzo; b)_Park; c)_Hoyt; d)_Harris and Ullman; e)_Hayes
116. Regions near cities from which goods are collected for export to remote markets or to which goods from remote producers are distributed are known as: a)_hinterlands; b)_distribution sheds; c)_collection sheds; d)_only b and c, above; e)_none of the above
117. Chicago businesses played important roles in the creation of product standards for: a)_lumber; b)_grain; c)_processed meat; d)_all the above; e)_only a and c, above
118. Elements of the natural environment that were important to the early growth of Chicago included: a)_Lake Michigan; b)_the nearby portage between the St. Lawrence River basin and the Mississippi River basin; c)_cold winters that produced lots of ice; d)_all the above; e)_only a and b, above
119. To the east of Chicago the early railroads made large profits based on _?1?_, whereas to the west the early railroads benefitted from _?2?_: a)_1--speed of movement and 2--volume of traffic; b)_1--volume of traffic and 2--geographic monopoly; c)_1--geographic monopoly and 2--speed of movement; d)_1--volume of traffic and 2--speed of movement; e)_none of the above
120. In Prof. T.'s "Geography a la Tiedemann" paradigm links between people and environment include: a)_technology; b)_culture; c)_secondary activities; d)_only a and b, above e)_only a and c, above
121. The other academic discipline that considers much the same range of topics as geography is: a)_economics; b)_geology; c)_sociology; d)_biology; e)_anthropology
122. The transition zone that skirts the outer edge of the CBD is characterized by: a)_high incidences of vacant land and buildings; b)_tendencies on the part of property owners to "delay maintenance;" c)_displacement of long-time residents; d)_all the above; e)_none of the above
123. Alonzo's analysis of residents' expenditures that affected where they live took into account all the following except: a)_housing; b)_necessary food and clothing purchases; c)_recreational travel; d)_luxuries; e)_none of the above
124. Elements of the transportation system that gave rise to the land-use sectors recognized by Hoyt were: a)_major thoroughfares; b)_railroads; c)_airports; d)_only a and b, above e)_only a and c, above
125. "School sections," key elements of the land-survey system put into place as European settlement spread westward in the U.S. had the effect of regularizing central place geometry according to a: a)_triangular lattice; b)_hexagonal pattern; c)_square grid; d)_circular nesting; e)_pentagonal fanning
126. Lack of discretionary income forces "workingmen" to select residential sites that are: a)_closer to major employment centers than those chosen by other groups; b)_farther from major employment centers than those chosen by other groups; c)_in portions of cities characterized by low population densities; d)_only a and c, above; e)_only b and c, above
127. One of the authors of the text is named: a)_Christaller; b)_Murphy; c)_Alonso; d)_Hayes; e)_none of the above
128. The other author of the text is: a)_Stutz; b)_Park; c)_Burgess; d)_Tiedemann; e)_none of the above
129. Sectors of economies involved with the handling of materials include all the following except: a)_primary; b)_secondary; c)_tertiary; d)_quaternary e)_none of the above
130. Tertiary activities include: a)_retailing; b)_wholesaling; c)_consumer services; d)_all the above; e)_only b and c, above
131. Because of travel costs, consumer demand for goods and services: a)_falls with increasing distances from venders; b)_is unaffected by distances from venders; c)_rises with increasing distances from venders; d)_all the above; e)_none of the above
132. The originator of "central place theory" is: a)_Alfred Weber; b)_Walter Christaller; c)_Alfred Marshall; d)_Walter Rostow; e)_Alfred Wegener
133. While not all flows end with them, movements of materials through commercial economies are primarily directed toward: a)_farmers, foresters and miners; b)_manufacturers; c)_retailers and wholesalers; d)_transportation, communications and financial services providers; e)_consumers
134. Consumers' geographies strongly influence location decisions of operators in the: a)_quinary sector of commercial economies; b)_tertiary sector...; c)_primary sector...; d)_octary sector...; e)_quaternary sector...
135. The greatest distance people are willing to travel to purchase a good or service is its: a)_threshold; b)_limit; c)_range; d)_demand; e)_mileage
136. According to central place theory, retailers and some other business operators arrange themselves on landscapes so as to satisfy their: a)_thresholds; b)_limits; c)_ranges; d)_demands; e)_mileages
137. The ability of people to move in any direction from any point with equal ease is a characteristic of the: a)_hypothetical landscape of central place theory; b)_modern landscape of the U.S. Middle West; c)_modern landscape of north-central Illinois; d)_only a and b, above; e)_only b and c, above
138. "...to ameliorate problems of unmet demands and of accumulating surpluses," is the purpose of: a)_Weberian places; b)_Christaller places; c)_tertiary places; d)_pinch points; e)_central places .pa;
139. The fact that real-world patterns of cities and towns in rural landscapes of the American Middle West don't have the triangular arrangement proposed by Christaller may be attributed to: a)_natural stream patterns; b)_the township and range land-survey system; c)_the fact that North American farmers tended to go to the nearest places to purchase goods and services; d)_all the above; e)_only a and b, above
140. In terms of developing theories pertaining to locations of economic activities, the earliest work to be explicitly concerned with transportation costs can be traced back to: a)_Von Thunen; b)_Malthus; c)_Weber; d)_Christaller; e)_Alonso
141. Collection of farmers surplus produce by grain elevators and/or dairy operators for processing and sale to remote, large cities are: a)_retail activities; b)_wholesale activities; c)_secondary functions; d)_primary activities; e)_central function
142. A reasonable business objective both for McDonalds franchisees and for the franchiser might be, "We want to sell as many Big Macks as possible." In implementing that objective, which of the following are true: a)_franchisees and the franchising corporation disagree as to volumes of business each store should expect; b)_...disagree as to its geographical implications regarding exclusive trade areas and store locations; c)_...disagree as to levels of retail services that should be provided to all potential customers; d)_all the above are true; e)_all the above are false
143. In demonstrating the geography of consumer demand, Prof. T. started with a simple demand schedule and adapted it by reversing the axes and substituting: a)_price for quantity; b)_distance for quantity c)_distance for price; d)_supply for demand; e)_quantity for distance
144. In demonstrating the geography of consumer demand, Prof. T. considered goods that are: a)_available at many locations on landscapes; b)_are of uniform quality from all venders; c)_are offered at uniform prices by all venders; d)_all the above; e)_only b and c, above
145. The Public Land Survey System--the one that created townships and ranges throughout much of the U.S.--accidentally or intentionally created focal points of regular and frequent consumer travel by making provision for: a)_school sections; b)_central business districts; c)_residential subdivisions; d)_shopping centers; e)_railroad yards
146. As a consequence of the above effect, it is not uncommon in the American Middle West and the Great Plains of the U.S. and Canada to find small towns spaced roughly: a)_three miles apart; b)_six miles apart c)_nine miles apart; d)_twelve miles apart; e)_there is no tendency for towns in these regions to be regularly spaced .pa;
147. The tendency of many retailers to cluster together to take advantage of traffic generated by others in their group is called: a)_clustering b)_nesting c)_grouping; d)_thresholding; e)_centering
148. The tendency of many retailers to cluster together to take advantage of traffic generated by others in their group allows consumers to: a)_distribute their travel costs over several purchases; b)_compare goods of venders; c)_combine purchases of diverse classes of goods into single trips; d)_all the above; e)_only a and b, above
149. The tendency of some retailers to avoid clustering with others offering similar classes of goods or services is an effort intended to: a)_allow comparison shopping; b)_save consumers some travel costs; c)_achieve a geographic monopoly; d)_only a and b, above; e)_only a and c, above
150. Responses by businesses attempting to take advantage of efforts by consumers to contain travel costs to a minimum have resulted in: a)_supermarkets; b)_department stores; c)_shopping malls; d)_all the above; e)_none of the above
151. In commercial economies, the following functions: 1)_purchasing goods in large quantities so as to obtain discounts from sellers, 2)_make available goods to buyers in small quantities on a regular and frequent basis, and 3)_contain transportation costs of moving goods across landscapes; are characteristic of: a)_wholesalers; b)_retailers; c)_manufacturers; d)_primary producers; e)_consumers
152. With the exception of cities serving as centers of governments or perhaps of religions, nearly all large cities are: a)_ocean ports; b)_ports on rivers or lakes; c)_focal points of land-transport systems; d)_any or all the above; e)_only a and b, above
153. In its less than two centuries of history, Chicago has at one time or another been a center of: a)_ocean-going shipping; b)_lake and river shipping; c)_land-transport shipping; d)_all the above; e)_only a and c, above
154. Historically, rail transport to the east of Chicago could be characterized by all the following except: a)_it was directed mainly toward large cities along the Atlantic coast; b)_provided fast service for large volumes of freight; c)_relied on geographic monopolies to justify high costs; d)_offered highly competitive prices to users; e)_none of the above
155. Historically, rail transport to the west of Chicago could be characterized by all the following except: a)_it was directed mainly toward small cities in the interior of the continent; b)_provided fast service for large volumes of freight; c)_relied on geographic monopolies to justify high costs; d)_offered highly competitive prices to users; e)_only b and d, above
156. The notion that residential patterns once formed sets of concentric circles around central business districts can be attributed to: a)_Hayes; b)_Park and Burgess; c)_Alonso; d)_Hoyt; e)_Harris and Ullman
157. In the concentric circle model of urban residential development, the following qualities: 1)_small dwelling units in multi-unit structures, 2)_high population densities, and 3)_close to major employment centers; are associated with: a)_rural residential estates; b)_the central business district; c)_the transition zone; d)_residential neighborhoods at intermediate distances from the CBD; e)_the zone of workingmen's housing
158. An alternative to the concentric circle model of urban residential development has land-use patterns arranged in pie-shaped sectors associated with: a)_main thoroughfares radiating away from the central business district; b)_freight railroads radiating away... c)_residential sectors not served by either form of transportation; d)_all the above; e)_none of the above
159. The fact that in growing cities various forms of land use spread out over the landscape at differing rates justifies the development of: a)_concentric circles of residential land uses; b)_poly-nucleations of various activities; c)_radial sectors along transport routes; d)_triangular arrangements of central places; e)_hexagonal shapes to market areas
160. Hayes demonstrated that in the Chicago metropolitan area, except for land very close to railroad rights-of-way, values of residential lands within walking distances (up to two miles, say) of commuter stations: a)_decreased in all directions from outlying commuter railroad stations as distances from them increased; b)_decreased as distances from outlying commuter railroad stations increased, but only in directions perpendicular to that of the railroad tracks; c)_decreased as distances from outlying commuter railroad stations increased, but only in directions away from the major employment center; d)_only b and c, above; e)_none of the above
161. The measure used by Hayes to demonstrate the geography of residential land values in the Chicago metropolitan region was: a)_asking prices for residential properties for sale; b)_sale prices for residential properties when sold; c)_sale prices per front foot for residential properties when sold; d)_tax assessors' valuations of residential properties for the year 1954; e)_sale prices per housing unit for residential properties when sold
162. Given the geography of values for residential and other land uses, it is not surprising that when freeways were built in the Chicago metropolitan region the routes tended to be: a)_adjacent to railroad rights-of-way; b)_a couple of miles away from railroad rights-of-way; c)_unrelated to railroad rights-of-way; d)_only a and b, above; e)_only b and c, above
163. During the period of rapid urban growth following the Second World War, expansion of the CBD into the zone of workingmens' housing created a: a)_commuter zone; b)_transition zone; c)_business district; d)_central place; e)_enterprise zone .pa;
164. Alonso suggested that the zonation of residential land uses seen in American cities is caused by uneven availability residents': a)_gross incomes; b)_expenditures on essential goods and services; c)_discretionary incomes; d)_only a and b, above; e)_none of the above
165. As evidenced by the relocation of many service and wholesaling activities away from downtown Chicago, the economic advantages offered by locations close to CBDs has been reduced by the development of: a)_radial thoroughfares; b)_commuter railroads; c)_mobile telephones; d)_corporate distribution centers; e)_circumferential freeways
166. Quinary activities (according to Prof. T.'s scheme of activity sectors in commercial economies) include: a)_forestry; b)_banking; c)_retailing; d)_the automobile industry; e)_public education
167. Quaternary activities (a la Prof. T. again) include: a)_mining; b)_transportation services; c)_wholesaling; d)_manufacturing; e)_university research
168. Operators in commercial economies whose selections of sites at which to do business are responses to geographies of consumers include: a)_retailers; b)_providers of consumer services; c)_wholesalers; d)_only a and c, above; e)_only a and b, above
169. Operators in commercial economies whose selections of sites at which to do business are responses of geographies of other businesses who are customers or clients include; a)_retailers; b)_wholesalers; c)_providers of business services; d)_only a and b, above; e)_only b and c, above
170. In the competition that goes on every day for access to and use of particular tracts of land in large metropolitan regions, that participant who is least able to outbid others is the: a)_retail operator; b)_financial institution; c)_manufacturer; d)_consumer; e)_only a and b, above
171. In Chicago metropolitan region, Sears Tower, the Standard Oil Building, and the John Hancock building are examples of urban growth of large cities (the functional entities, not the political ones) following a process of: a)_intensifying concentrations of activity on small tracts of land; b)_residential sprawl into rural landscapes; c)_industrial leap-frogging into rural landscapes; d)_commercial development at outlying freeway interchanges or intersections of major highways; e)_none of the above
172. In Chicago metropolitan region, Woodfield Mall, Oakbrook Center and Ford City are examples of urban growth of large cities (the functional entities, not the political ones) following a process of: a)_intensifying concentrations of activity on small tracts of land; b)_residential sprawl into rural landscapes; c)_industrial leap-frogging into rural landscapes; d)_commercial development at outlying freeway interchanges or at intersections of major highways; e)_none of the above .pa;
173. Urban sprawl is promoted by: a)_rising consumer incomes; b)_reduced commuting costs; c)_the fact that parcels of land far from major employment centers are generally cheaper than parcels close to them; d)_rising gasoline prices; e)_all the above except d
174. Urban sprawl generally is blamed for: a)_rising suburban land values; b)_falling land values in central cities; c)_reduced usage of public transportation; d)_rising levels of air pollution; e)_all the above
175. Gentrification occurs when: a)_commuters realize that the out-of-pocket are high and likely to continue rising; b)_the value they place on their time spent commuting is rising and likely to continue doing so in the future; c)_fuel prices fall; d)_all the above; e)_only a and b, above
176. Tomorrow, after I realize that this class is over, I intend to: a)_think nice thoughts about Prof. T. because he gives out points on exams when he runs out of questions; b)_call a friend to recommend Geography 161 in spite of a fixation on animal droppings at one point; c)_have a nice day and try to forget all that animal droppings stuff; d)_see if anyone will buy my used textbook; e)_pick up the pieces and go on with my life as if this term never happened (HINT: option "e" is probably close to the truth for the largest number of people, I'd go with that one)

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